balanced reciprocity

See - generalized reciprocity

Cara tukar-menukar di mana yang memberi maupun yang menerima menentukan dengan pasti nilai barang yang terlibat dan waktu penyerahannya.

Balkans

The easternmost of the three major peninsulas of southern Europe and the collective name for the nations located there - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Croatia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, and the European section of Turkey.

band

In Canada, refers to a government-recognized group of American Indians who reside on one or more reserves, though some bands have no reserve.

Groep van in een bepaald territorium rondtrekkende jagers-verzamelaars.

Basic unit of social organization among foragers. A band includes fewer than a hundred people; it often splits up seasonally.

A small family-oriented group of foragers.

A loosely organized aggregate of hunter-gatherers, larger than the basic family group, sharing in the performance of economic, social, and ritual activities.

In primate studies, a social group occupying a home range; in hunting and gathering societies, a social group occupying a territory.

Kelompok kecil orang-orang yang berhubungan keluarga dan tinggal di sebuah daerah.

Bantu

Group of related languages spoken over a large area of Central Africa and eastern and southern Africa.

A widespread language family in subsaharan Africa.

banyan

A tree (Ficus bengalensis) that is widespread in India and Sri Lanka. It yields an inferior rubber, but is chiefly valued for its shade.

bark

See: tapa

Barrio

A neighborhood grouping within an urban setting, marked by a sense of community (in Latin America, historically derived from such neighborhood kinship groupings as the Aztec calpulli.

base

In generative grammar, a set of basic rules applicable to a language, together with the word stock of the language.

(or: Infrastructure) In Marxist theory, the economic system, conceived as comprising social relations of production and distribution, as well as technological factors; contrasted with superstructure (q.v.), the political, jural, and ideological institutions and processes that sustain and reproduce a prevailing social system.

baseline ethnography

The first reasonably systematic description of a particular population at a specific time.

basic core vocabulary

In glottochonology, words for concepts likely to be present in any language.

basic family

See: nuclear family

basic personality structure

According to Abram Kardiner, personality traits shared by members of a society; acquired in adapting to a culture's primary institutions.

Ciri-ciri kepribadian yang terdapat pada hampir semua anggota masyarakat.

baton technique

Percussion flaking by means of a cudgel of wood or bone.

Teknik pembuatan alat batu dengan memukuli bahan bakunya dengan tongkat ("baton") tulang atau tanduk rusa untuk melepaskan kepingan-kepingannya.

bay

A feudal leader in Muslim areas; a wealthy cattle breeder.

beg

A member or chief of the feudal aristocracy

behaviorist approach

In the theory of socialization, the view that behavior is explainable as a response to a stimulus.

bek

See: beg

belief

Trust or confidence in some statement accepted by a group.

berdache

A person who dresses and acts like a member of the opposite sex and is often regarde as such by members of the community.

Among the Crow Indians, members of a third gender, for whom certain ritual duties were reserved.

Usually an anatomically normal male who assumed the dress, occupations, and behavior of the opposite sex for a change in gender status (after Callender and Kochems 1983)

Among American Indians, a man whose aversion to fulfilling the expected male role causes hem to assume female dress and habits.

beshmet

A quilted, caftanlike man's outer garment.

betel

See: paan

betel nut

A nicotinelike stimulant used in western Melanesia and Micronesia as well as in Asia. A "betel quid" is formed of the nut of the Areca catechu palm and the leaf, bean, or stem of the Piper betle vine, then chewed with slaked lime from shells or coral and expectorated.

bey

See: bay

bhakti

Devotion to a personal Hindu god, especially through communal hymn singing.

bhikkhu

A Buddhist monk. Always male, he can occupy varying ranks from that of lowly wanderer to the unique position of the Dalai Lama. Bhikkhu is the Sri Lankan term, lama the Tibetan one.

biface

A stone tool prepared by trimming a core on both sides.

bifurcate collateral kinship terminology

A system of kinship terminology in which all collaterals in the parental generation are referred to by different kin terms.

Kinship terminology employing separate terms for M, F, MB, MZ, FB, and FZ.

bifurcate merging kinship terminology

A system of kinship terminology in which members of the two descent groups in the parental generation are referred to by different kin terms.

Kinship terminology in which M and MZ are called by the same term, F and FB are called by the same term, and MB and FZ are called by different terms.

Sistem terminologi kekerabatan, di mana saudara-saudara dari pihak ibu dan pihak ayah, yang segenerasi dengan organtua, dipisahkankan (dibelah) dan diberi nama yang berbeda, sedang lain-lainnya dikumpulkan atau dicampur di bahwah istilah yang sama (ayah dengan saudara laki-laki ayah dan ibu dengan saudara perempuan ibu).

big man

A political leader whose influence is based on personal prestige or qualities rather than formal authority. Such influence often is achieved through factional politics or the manipulation of exchange relationships.

Figure often found among tribal horticulturalists and pastoralists. The big man occupies no office but creates his reputation through entrepeneurship and generosity to others. Neither his wealth nor his position passes to his heirs.

(System:) A mode of leadership characteristic of Melanesia (including New Guinea), whereby the leader "Big Man") commands a following of by manipulation of wealth; the leader's powers depend on personal skill and continuing entrepreneurial and political successes, hence are not hereditary.

bilateral descent

The practice of tracing kinship affiliation more or less equally through both the male and the female line.

Wijze van afstamming waarin aan relaties via mannen evenveel gewicht wordt toegekend als aan relaties via vrouwen. See: unilineaire afstamming

Descent traced through both sides of the family.

Descent reckoned evenly along both the male and the female lines at each generation.

bilateral kinship calculation

A system in which kinship ties are calculated equally through both sexes: mother and father, siter and brother, daughter and son, and so on.

Kinship traces to relatives through both father and mother. ( = consanguineal kinship).

bilocal

The residence of a married couple with or near either the husband's or wife's parents.

(bilocal residence:) Residence with or near either the groom's or the bride's parents.

Sebuah pola di mana pasangan yang telah kawin dapat memilih tempat tingaal matrilokal atau patrilokal.

binary opposition

Pairs of opposites, such as good-evil and old-young, produced by converting differences of degree into qualitative distinctions; important in structuralism.

A two-sided contrast (nature vs. culture, voiced vs. unvoiced), used to establish a semantic or symbolic or other distinction.

biological anthropology

The study of human biological variation in time and space; includes evolution, genetics, growth and development, and primatology.

The study of human origins and the subsequent development of the human species.

biological kin types

Actual genealogical relationships, designated by letters and symbols (e.g., FB), as opposed to the kin terms (e.g., uncle) used in a particular society.

biomedicine

Western medicine, which attributes illness to scientifically demonstrated agents - biological organisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) or toxic materials.

biopsychological equality

The premise that although individuals differ in emotional and intellectual capacities, all human populations have equivalent capacities for culture.

biped(al)

Walking upright on the hind legs.

bisexual

An individual whose sexual partners may be of either gender.

Black English Vernacular (BEV)

Like Standard English, a rule-governed dialect of contemporary English; spoken by many inner-city African-Americans.

blade

An elongated sharp-edged flake struck from a core.

blade technique

Teknik pembuatan alat batu dengan memukul lepas kepingan-kepingan panjang secara paralel dari sisi sebuah gumpalan batu yang sudah dipersiapkan secara khusus.

blended family

Kin unit formed when parents remarry and bring their children into a new household.

blood feud

A conflict between two groups (usually families or other kin groups) in a society. The feud usually involves violence or the threat of violence as a means of avenging some wrongdoing against a member of one of the groups. Feuds often are motivated by a desire to protect or restore a member's honor.

Feud between families, usually in a nonstate society.

(blood feuding:) A state of continuing warfare and hostility between groups marked by homicide and retaliatory murder.

blood relatives

See: consanguinal relatives

BNP

Een maat voor de totale stroom van goederen en diensten die de economie van een land in een jaar produceert, inclusief inkomsten uit buitenlandse investeringen van ingezetenen, maar exclusief inkomst uit binnenlandse investeringen door buitenlandse ingezetenen.

Boasian

The anthropology of Franz Boas, his students, and those they trained, marked by a concen for ethnographic detail, a careful search for historical and older connections, an emphasis on the diverity of cultures, and an insistence that human behavior was primarily a product of diverse cultural assistence.

Bolsheviks

The wing of the Russian Social Democratic party that advocated revolution to achieve socialism and seized power in the Revolution of 1917 - 1920.

bonding

(attachment behavior) The establishment of a close social relationship between persons; the formation of integrative ties that link individuals.

Formation of biologically channeled psychological attachment to the mother (or mother figure), other close attachment figures, and a mate (see pair bond).

borrowing

See: diffusion

bourgeoisie

One of Marx's opposed classes; owners of the means of production (factories, mines, large farms, and other sources of subsistence).

bowwow theory

A theory basing the origin of languages on the imitation of natural sounds.

brachiate

Menggunakan lengan untuk berayun dari dahan ke dahan, dengan tubuh tergantung kepada lengan.

Brahma

The Creator, who with Shiva and Vishnu forms the Hindu Trinity of gods. There are very few temples in his honor, however.

breadfruit

A fruiting tree (Artocarpus altilis) that is usually seasonal and cultivated mainly in Micronesia and Polynesia, but also in some parts of Melanesia. The fruit's starchy pulp is either cooked or fermented in pits as a staple or important standby food.

bride price, bride service

The practice of a groom performing work fot his wife's kin for a set period of time either before or after marriage.

Diensten die een man voor of na zijn huwelijk moet verrichten voor de familie van zijn (toekomstige) vrouw.

The work that a man performs for his bride's family before, during, or after marriage so that the marriage will be approved.

A pattern whereby husbands or potential husband acquire rights by working for the wife's parents (or other close relatives), characteristic ofsome hunting-gathering and hunter-horticulturalistic societies.

Waktu tertentu sesudah perkawinan di mana mempelai laki-laki bekerja untuk keluarga mempelai perempuan.

bride theft

The seizure, without approval of relatives, of a female to marry.

bridewealth

The practice of a groom or his kin giving a substantial property or wealth to the bride's kin before, at the time of, or after marriage.

Totaal van goederen dat bij een huwelijk door de man en zijn familie aan de familie van de bruid wordt gegeven.

(progeny price:) A gift from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin before, at, or after marriage; legitimizes children born to the woman as members of the husband's descent group.

(bride-price:) The transfer of money or other forms of wealth from the groom or his relatives to the relatives of the bride to seal a marriage contract.

(brideprice:) A payment of money or goods to the bride's family by the prospective husband and/or his kin.

(bride price:) Marriage payments from the husband and his kin to the bride's kin. Characteristically these payments balance a transfer of rights over the wife's sexuality, work services, residence, fertility, etc.

Imbalan yang dibayarkan oleh mempelai laki-laki atau keluarganya kepada keluarga mempelai perempuan pada waktu dilangsungkan perkawinan. See brideprice

brigades

Name for villages in China, used since 1958

broadcast transmission

Propagation of sound in all directions.

Bronze Age

The third stage in the development of Western civilization, characterized by the production and use of bronze tools and objects. The Bronze Age, which began in Europe in Greece about 3000 B.C.E. and ended about 1000 B.C.E, followed the Neolithic period and peceded the Iron Age.

Di Benua Lama, jaman ini ditandai oleh produksi alat-alat dan perhiasan dari perunggu. Mulai sekitar 2000 tahun S.M. di Asia Baratdaya.

Buddha

The Enlightened One, a common title of Siddharta Gautama or Sayamuni, who was a prince of Kapilavastu in the Nepalese terai, until he renounced his family and this world and began to preach the path of enlightment that so many hundreds of millions have followed since an the we call "Buddhism." The forty-five years of his religious life were spent in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, traveling as a teacher. According to Chinese tradition, he lived from about 563 to 483 B.C.E.

Buddhism

A world religion, founded by Siddhartha Gautama or Sakyamuni, "the Enlightened One", in the sixth century B.C.E.. The two major brances of Buddhism are Mahayana Buddhism and Hinayana (Theravada) Buddhism; the former is a relatively liberal missionary religion while the latter stresses mor the original traditions of Buddhism. Mahayana Buddhism, with its strong missionary tradition, is more widespread throughout Asia, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam; but Theravada Buddhism is predominant on the Southeast Asian mainland.

bureaucracy

Een vorm van organisatie die is gebaseerd op vaste regels en bevoegdheden verbonden aan posities.

burin

A stone blade with a chiselike point.

Alat batu dar Jaman Paleolitikum Muda, yang tepinya sperti pahat dan digunakan untuk menggarap tulang atau tanduk rusa.

Bushman

Member of the Khoisan- (Hottentot) speaking populations of southern Africa, physically distinct from surrounding peoples (historically, hunter-gatherers).

Byzantine Empire

The eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the wester half and lasted until 1453, when it fell to the Turks. The capital of Constantinople was established in C.E. 330.

B.P.

Before the present (indicating dates of prehistoric events).