cacao

A tropical tree cultivated since pre-Hispanic times for its seeds. The seeds were used by the Aztecs to make a beverage called chocolatl, and today they are the key ingredient in modern chocolate.

call system

The limited number of sounds distinctive in intensity and duration that are used by nonhuman primates to communicate.

candomblé

A syncretic "Afro-Brazilian" cult.

capitalism

An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit.

capitalist world economy

The single world system, which emerged in the sixteenth century, committed to production for sale, with the object of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs.

Capsean culture

Kebudayaan Jaman Mesolitikum yang kebanyakan berpusat di Afrika Utara dari sekitar 9.00 tahun S.M.

carbon-14 dating

A method of absolute dating of organic remains by means of the radioactive isotope carbon 14

Dating of organic archaeological materials by calculating the percentage of radioactive carbon (which decays at a constant rate).

Dalam arkeologi dan paleoantropologi, teknik penentuan umur secara kronometris dengan mengukur banyaknya radiokarbon (C-14) yang tertinggal di dalam bahan-bahan organis yang terdapat di situs arkeologi.

caregiver

A person entrusted with the survival and nurturing of an offspring.

cargo

An obligation to perform and sponsor religious rituals in honor of a public saint. Also it can refer to any official duty. Relious cargos are publicly recognized obligations to the community. Cargo means "burden" which connotes the heavy responsibility to the community felt by the person who has the obligation.

cargo cult

Postcolonial, acculturative religious movements, common in Melanesia, that attempt to explain European domination and wealth and to achieve similar success magically by mimicking European behavior.

The mystical view held by many Pacific islanders that material wealth, destined for native populations but illegitimately kept from them by the whites, will at last reach them and usher in a period of prosperity.

A millennial movement, of a sort characteristic of Melanesia in the southwest Pacific, marked by the expectation that Western material goods will be received by supernatural means.

cargo system

A formal structure of religious obligations (cargos) taken on for a defined period, usually a year, with community recognition. These obligations involve the performance of public religious rituals.

In Mesoamerica, a Spanish-derived hierarchy of religous offices, or religious and political offices, through which individuals pass as temporary holders of these offices (cargos).

carrying capacity

Jumlah orang yang dapat hidup dari sumber daya yang ada pada tingkat teknologi tertentu.

case

In grammatical theory, a categorization of the nouns (or pronouns) of sentences acoording to the functional role they play in the sentence: as subject of an intransitive verb, agent or direct object of a transitive verb, object of a preposition, etc. (Latin: nominative, accusative, dative, etc.).

cassava

A plant of the genus Manihot (also known as manihot, manioc, tapicoa, and yuca), cultivated by aboriginal farmers for its nutritious starch roots.

cassowary

A large, flightless bird with three species endemic to New Guinea and New Britain. The bird is locally prized for its flesh, plumes and bones.

caste

An endogamous hereditary group, usually with a distinct hereditary occupation, who have a virtually immutable position in a hierarchy. Although the caste system is most elaborated throughout South Asia, castes have also been reported in Tibet, Japan, Burundi, and the American South.

Endogame groep, waarvan het lidmaatschap erfelijk is bepaald, die geassocieerd is met een bepaald beroep en die onderdeel uitmaakt van een hiërarchie van andere, overeenkomstige groepen.

An endogamous social group whose membership is hereditary.

In Indian subcontinent, an endoigamous social group incorporated within the stratified hierarchy of Hindu ideology. Some sociologists would apply more generally to endogamous, ranked social classes.

Bentuk khusus kelas sosial yang keanggotaannya detentukan berdasarkan keturunan, dan tetap tidak berubah selama hidup.

caste system

A hierarchy of social groups whose membership is determined by birth.

Closed, hereditary system of stratification, often dictated by religion; hierarchical social status is ascribed at birth, so that people are locked into their parents' social position.

catarrhine

Menunjuk antropoidea yang cuping hidungnya beredekatan dan menghadap ke bawah. Meliputi monyet Benua Lama, kera dan manusia.

category

A collectivity of things (people, items, events, etc.) classed together because of some culturally relevant feature(s) they share. In kinship theory, the position (advanced notably by Leach and Needham) that kin terms ("relationship terms") relate broad categories of "kinds" of people.

Caucasus

A system of mountain ranges running grom northeast to southwest between the Black and Caspian seas; the general geographical-cultural area between the Black and Caspian seas and the south Russian steppe and the Iranian plateau.

caudillo

In Latin America, a leader whose power has come from exploits as a war leader.

Celts

An Indo-European people of Iron Age and pre-Roman Europe who ranged from the British Isles to Asia Minor. Modernday descendants of the Celts include the Irish, Highland Scots, Welsh, Cornish, and Bretons.

cerebral cortex

Outer layer of the brain, highly developed in higher primates and particularly in humans; this convoluted gray tissue is the physical center of most higher brain functions.

ceremonial fund

Resources invested in ceremonial or ritual expenses or activity.

Betalingen, die primair ten doel hebben sociale banden te leggen of te versterken.

ceremony

A collective action, made up of a series of rituals, performed for a specific purpose; may be either sacred or profane (ordinary).

channel

The physical medium by means of which communication is effected.

chiefdom

Form of sociopolitical organization intermediate between the tribe and the state; kin-based with differential access to resources and a permanent political structure.

A political unit that incorporates the kinship basis of bands and the integrative institutional network of tribes but is distinguished from these by greater integration and specialization and by investment of its centralized authority in a chief.

A political system in which kin groups are linked together through a hierarchy of political and/or religious leadership.

Masyarakat bertingkat-tingkat di mana setiap anggotanya mempunyai kedudukan dalam hirarki.

chinampas

Mode of intensive cultivation by the Aztecs, in lagoons and drained swamps of the valley of Mexico, where gardens were built up from rich mud and vegetable materials.

Chinese Value Survey

See: Short term orientation

CVS

chopper

Early stone tool technology marked by the use of edged pebbles held in the palm.

Choukoutien

Cave site near Peking where richt Homo erectus fossil finds were made in the 1930s

chromosom

Utas DNA yang panjang-panjang di dalam inti sel berkombinasi sejenis protein yang dapat dilihat di bawah mikroskop.

circuits

In cybernetic analysis, any path along which information ("news of a difference") can travel within a system (as with the electronic circuits of a thermostate or the circuits of blind-man's-stick-to-his-brain).

city

A settlement unit fulfilling specialized functions in relation to a wider area.

civilization

De cultuur van een complexe samenleving (criteria: steden, economische, politieke en culturele differentiatie).

A complex society with a central government and social classes; synonyms are nation-state and state.

A term used to characterize a complex society (usually a state) that has achieved a high order of cultural complexity (usually a literate tradition, a state-religion, specialist arts and crafts, etc.).

De technische en organisatorische aspecten van de cultuur.

clan

A unilineal descent group in which people claim descent from a common ancestor but cannot demonstrate this descent.

Unilineaire afstammingsgroep, waarvan de leden zich onderling verwant voelen omdat zij menen van één gemeenschappelijke voorouder af te stammen, zonder dat zij al hun onderlinge relaties kunnen traceren. See: lineage

Unlineal descent group based on stipulated descent.

A group made up of lineages whose members assume they are descended from a common ancestor in the male or female line but cannot verify all past kinship links.

A cluster of lineages claiming a common distant ancestry.

A unilineal descent group or category whose member trace patrilineal descent (patri-clan) or matrilineal descent matri-clan) from an apical ancestor/ancestress but do not know the genelogical links that connect them to this apical ancestor.

Unilaterale verwantengroep, waarvan de leden de onderlinge verwantschap niet kunnen traceren; zij achten zich af te stammen van een mythische of legendarische voorouder. Bij een patriclan wordt de verwantschap in mannelijke, bij een matriclan in vrouwelijke lijn gerekend.

Unilaterale verwantegroep waarvan de leden hun onderlinge verwantschap niet na kunnen gaan. Ze beschouwen zich als de afstammelingen van eenzelfde mytische of legendarische voorouder. (Een clan omvat meerdere lineages).

Kelompok keturunan bukan badan resmi, yang tiap-tiap anggotanya mengaku keturunan dari seorang leluhur bersama tanpa mengetahui sungguh-sungguh hubungan genalogis dengan leluhur tersebut.

class

(economische klassen [K.Marx]:) Groeperingen in een samenleving die sociaal ongelijk zijn omdat zij op de arbeids- en goederenmarkt, waar zij tegengestelde belangen hebben, een machtspositie van verschillende sterkte innemen.

Social identity based on economic status.

(social class:) A group of persons with similar social and economic statuses.

(social class:) A division of society, defined in terms of its relationship to the means of producion, within a system of such classes, hierarchically ordered, and marked by a consciousness of their collective identity and interests.

See: social class

class analysis

A mode of social analysis, pioneered by Marx and Engels, in which the underlying dynamics of a society are sought, beneath superficialities and the camouflage of ideologies, in the historically rooted interests and conflicts of social classes in relation to means of production, labor and its fruits, and the distribution of power.

class consciousness

Recognition of collective interests and personal identification with one's economic group (particularly the proletariat); basic to Marx' view of class.

class system

Social identification based largely on achieved statuses such as those resulting from income, education, occupation, or life-style.

Classic

A developmental stage in the civilization of Mesoamerica and Peru characterized by monumental architecture, elaborate art, and the establishment of empires.

classical archaeology

The study of ancient urban civilizations of the Old World.

classificatory

(classificatory kin terms:) Kinship terms, such as aunt, that designate several categories of distinct relatives, such as morther's sister and father's sister.

(classificatorische verwantschapsterm [L.H.Morgan]:) 1.Verwantschapsterm die gebruikt wordt voor lineaire én collaterale verwanten (bijv. Va = VaBr, Mo = MoZu). 2. In ruimere betekenis: het verschijnsel dat één verwantschapsterm voor verschillende categorieën gebruikt wordt .

clavicula

Tulang selangka.

clitoridectomy

Surgical removal of the clitoris: "female circumcision".

clovis

A distinctive projectile blade type used by big-game hunters in North America some 11,000 years ago, and the associated cultural tradition.

code

A system of signals agreed upon by those engaged in communication.

cognate

(H.S.Maine) Alle afstammelingen van een ouderpaar; cognatische verwantschap = bilaterale verwantschap.

A bilateral (consanguineal) kinsman or kinswoman.

cognates

Words that belong to different languages but have similar sounds and meanings.

cognatic descent

Descent traced through both males and females.

Sense 1: A mode of descent reckoning where all descendants of an apical ancestor (ancestress) through any combination of male or female links are included (preferred sense). Sense 2: Synonymous with bilateral or consanguineal (q.v.), as in "cognatic kinship" (= 'bilateral kinship")

cognatic kin

Kin related to one antorhet through the male line, the female line, or both (ambilineal).

cognition

The processes of thinking and memory.

cognitive

Related to the processes of cognition, the processes of thinking and knowing (in contrast to emotions and motivation).

cognitive anthropology

Area of psychological anthropology; the ethnographic and cross-cultural study of cognition, including learning, ways of knowing, and the organization of knowledge, perceptions, and meaning.

The study of how differnt peoples organize and use their cultur (after Tyler 1969).

cognitive capacity

Sebuah konsep yang luas, meliputi inteligensi, kemampuan menerima pendidikan (educability), kemampuan membuat konsep, desadaran diri, mengevaluasi diri, luasnya perhatian, kepekaan untuk membeda-bedakan, dan kreativitas.

coitus interruptus

A sexual practice in which a male withdraws from a female before orgasm.

collateral

(collaterals:) A person's relatives not related to him or her as ascendants or descendants; one's uncle, aunt, cousin, brother, sister, nephew, niece.

Pertaining to a relationship in which descent is not reckoned in a direct line.

collateral household

Type of expanded family household including siblings and their spouses and children.

collateral relative

Verwanten in de zijlinie (MoBr, MoZu). See: lineaire verwanten

A biological relative who is not a lineal.

collectivism

A process by which peasant farms were converted in to large-scale, mechanized economic units. The process began in the late 1920s and during the early 1930s resulted in a great loss of life and economic displacement (through famine and deportation). The system of state farms (sovkhoz) and collective farms (kolkhozy) began to break up in the 1990s.

Het tegendeel van individualisme. Samen vormen zijn één van de dimensies van nationale culturen. Collectivisme staat voor een samenleving waarin mensen vanaf hun geboorte opgenomen zijn in sterke, hechte groepen, die hun levenslang bescherming bieden in ruil voor onvoorwaardelijke loyaliteit.

colonialism

The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time.

Control by one power over a dependent area of people.

commodities

Articles of trade, products with commercial value.

communal religions

In Wallace's typology, these religions have, in addition to shamanic cults, communal cults in which people organize community rituals such as harvest ceremonies and rites of passage.

communism

The economic system in which goods are owned in common, controlled by the government, and available to all as needed.

communitas

Een hecht geïntegreerde sociale eenheid waarin een sterk gevoel van verbondenheid en solidariteit bestaat.

Intense community spirit, a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness; characteristic of people experiencing liminality together.

community study

Anthropological method for studying complex societies. Small communities are studied ethnograpphically as being (partially) representateive of regional culture or particular contrasts in national life.

An ethnographic account about a small settlement.

compadrazgo

Ritual coparenthood. It involves two married couples. One couple becomes godparents of something - typically but not necessarily a child- belonging to the other couple. Compadrazgo establishes a special bond between the two couples through a ritual of godparenting and engenders a special form of trust and respect between the two couples, each of which refers to the other as "compadres". Compadrazgo goes well beyond the godparenting of children to include godparenting of religious images, objects, and life-cycle events such as graduation, death, and marriage. See also: fictive kinship

In Spanish-speaking countries, the institution of godparenthood.

In Latin America an other Spanish influenced areas (e.g., Guam), ritual coparenthood, where godparents play roles complementary to parents in relation to children.

comparative economics

The study of economic systems in different societies.

comparative method

Controlled comparison used by anthropologists in the study of sociocultural systems; comparisons made among languages that have developed from a common origin.

compartmentalization

The tendency for indigenous institutions to persist side by side with institutions of foreign derivation.

competence

What native speakers must (and do) know about their language in order to speak and understand it.

Knowledge of the rules of a language possessed by a native speaker.

(linguistic:) A speaker's knowledge of his language (mainly unconscious), which is drawn on in in speaking and understanding speech (Transformational Linguistics)

complementary filiation

(M.Fortes) De relatie tot de moeder (en haar afstammingsgroep) in ee patrilineair, en de relatie tot de vader (en zijn afstammingsgroep) in een matrilineair afstammingssysteem. See: filiation

complex societies

Nations; large and populous, with social stratification and central governments.

Sebuah masyarakat yang memiliki keanekaragaman pola kebudayaan khusus.

componential analysis

The study of the structure of a cultural domain by means of its distinctive features.

A mode of analysis, originally used for phonological systems but later used for defining the meanings of sets of contrasting words (notably kinship terms), whereby several dimensions of contrast (high vs. low, male vs. female, etc.) intersect to define the uniqueness of each phoneme or each word in the set, in tems of their contrast with the rest.

conceived value

A preferred way of behaving, thinkin, or believing within any culture.

configurationalism

View associated with Ruth Benedict. Cultures are integrated wholes, each uniquely different from all others.

Richting in de culturele antropologie, die cultuurpatronen (configuraties) wil bestuderen.

Confucian dynamism

Een dimensie van nationale culturen die werd gevonden door onderzoek onder studenten met behulp van de Chinese Value Survey (CVS). In dit boek is deze dimensie omgedoopt in Lange-termijn gerichtheid tegenover Korte-termijngerichtheid. See: Long term orientation See: Short term orientation

Confucianism

A moral and philosophical religious tradition based on the teaching of Confucius (Kongzo), who lived in northern China from about 551 to 479 B.C.E.

conical clan

A number of lineages organized as a common-descent group on the basis of genealogical seniority.

conjugal relationship

A relationship derived from marriage.

Ikatan antara pria dan wanita yang telah kawin.

conjunction

A production principle in technology whereby two or more different parts are combined to form a finished artifact.

connectionism

Linked to scheme theory; the idea that things that consistently occur together in an individual's experience become strongly associated in that person's mind.

connubium

Relatie tussen twee of meer groepen (meestal afstammingsgroepen) die tot uitdrukking komt in onderlinge huwelijken.

consanguineal

(consanguine:) A relative by descent from a common ancestor.

(consanguinity:) Verwantschap gebaseerd op biologische afstamming.

Relatives by birth; biological kin.

Related by blood.

(consanguineal relatives:) A relative by birth (i.e., a "blood" relative), as distinguished from in-laws ("affines") and step-relatives.

1/ Keluarga karena kelahiran. 2/ Keluarga yang terdiri atas sejumlah wanita yang masih bersaudara, saudara-saudara lelaki mereka, dan anak-anak para wanita tersebut.

conspicuous consumption

Istilah yang diciptakan oleh Thornstein Veblen untuk menggambarkan pameran kekayaan demi prestise sosial.

constitutional democracy

A form of government in which the actual affairs of govenment are carried out by elected officials who act in accord with a national constitution.

constitutional monarchy

A form of government in which a monarch (king or queen) is the legal head of state but the actual affairs of government are carried out by elected officials who act in accord with a national constitution.

contageous magic

Magic that depends on an assumed (magical mystical, spiritual) contact between the object on which magic is performed and the person or object it's supposed to affect.

Magi berdasarkan prinsip bahwa barang yang pernah bersentuhan dapat saling mempengaruhi sesudah terpisah.

continental climate

In the Köppen system, a climate characterized by large seasonal temperature variations, with hot summers, cold winters, and year-round precipitations.

contraception

The inhibition of fertilization during sexual intercourse.

convergence

Parallel development without contact or mutual influence.

convergent evolution

Development of similar traits, institutions, or behavior patterns as a result of adaptation to similar environments.

1/ Suatu proses di mana dua organisme yang secara filogenetis tidak ada hubungannya satu sama lain mengembangkan persamaan-persamaan yang lebih besar. 2/ Dalam evolusi kultural, bekerkembangnya adaptasi yang semacam dalam kondisi lingkungan yang semacam oleh bangsa-bangsa dengan latar belakang kebudayaan yang berbeda sama sekali.

conversion

Exchange between differnt spheres of a multicentric economy.

conveyance

Exchange within the same sphere of a multicentric economy.

copra

The dried flesh of the coconut used as the basis of oils, soaps, cosmetica, and dried coconut. Beginning in the 1860s copra became the chief commercial export in most Pacific Islands.

coprolite

Fosil kotoran manusia.

copula deletion

Absence of the verb to be.

coral islands

Islands, including atolls, formed of the exoskeleton created by the excretion of lime from sea water by tiny marine animals.

core

Dominant structural position in the world system, constists of the strongest and most powerful stateds with advanced systems of production.

core tool

A tool produced by striking flakes from a stone until the original lump approximates the desired shape and size.

Stone tools made by chipping flakes or chips off a core which is cut into the desired shape.

core values

Key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture and help distinguish it from others.

A value that articulates and integrates all others.

core vocabulary

Dalam bahasa, kata benda, angka-angka kecil, dan nama-nama anggota tubuh dan obyek-obyek alam.

corporate groups

Groups that exist in perpetuity and manage a common estate; include descent groups and modern corporations.

A social group whose members act as a legal individual in terms of collective rights to property, a common group name, collective responsibility, etc.

Groep die in veel opzichten een aantal mensen verenigt.

correlation

An association between two or more variables such that when one changes (varies), the other(s) also change(s) (covaries); for example, temperature and sweating.

Een term uit de wiskundige statistiek die de mate van gezamenlijke variatie van twee reeksen getallen aangeeft. De correlatie-coëfficient kan variëren van 1,00 (volledig overeenkomend) via 0 (geen verband) tot -1,00 (volledig tegengesteld).

corvée

A labor system under which members of a cultural or other group are required to work on public projects for a set period of time each year.

cosmology

A people's theory of the universe and its beginnings.

A people's beliefs and assumptions regarding the world - what entities and forces control it, how the universe is organized, and what human's role and place within the world are.

counting coup

Among the Plains Indians, a practice in which a warrior, while recounting his war deeds at a ceremony, struck a blow (coup in French), usually with a special stick, to a post erected for that purpose. Among the war deeds counted, from most to least prestigious, were touching an enemy during battle while unarmed, stealing a horse from a guarded enemy camp, and taking a scalp.

cousin marriage

Marriage between two (first) cousins.

couvade

A form of customary behavior (also known as "men's childbed") in which the husband of a woman pregnant with his child observes certain taboos and restrictions believed to be beneficial for the child and otherwise behaves as though he were pregnant; he may take to bed, enter into seclusion experience labor pain, and so on.

(E.B.Tylor) Het totaal van gedragsrestricties en gedragsvoorschriften waaraan de vader van een pasgeboren kind is onderworpen (in extreme gevallen is de couvade een imitatie door de vader van de bevalling en het kraambed; vandaar de vertaling mannenkraambed).

The development of morning sickness or other conditions related to pregnancy, by a husband during his wife's pregnancy.

cranium

Tempurung tengkorak tempat otak.

creative opposition

Process in which people change their behaviors as they consciously and actively avoid or spurn an external image or practice.

creole

"Creole" is most often used today to refer to Black populations of the West Indies and Central America. It is derived from the Spanish criollo and the French créole, meaning a White or Black person descended from immigrants.

A language, derived rom a pidgin, that has assumed the full range of functions for its speakers.

Cro-magnon

A modern human population (Homo sapiens sapiens) associated with European Upper Paleolithic cultures.

Manusia Eropa yang pertama yang betul-betul modern, dari Jaman Paleolitikum Muda.

cross cousins

(cousin, cross:) Children of one's parents siblings of the opposite sex-one's father's sisters' and mother's brothers' children.

(E.B.Tylor) Kind van Moeders Broer (MoBr) of Vaders Zuster (VaZu); of: kinderen van siblings van ongelijke sexe.

Children of a brother and a sister.

The children of siblings of the opposite sex: father's sisters' children and mother's brothers' children.

Child of ego's father's sister or mother's brother.

A cousin related to ego through ego's mother's brother or ego's father's sister (i.e., cross-cousins are the children of a brother and sister).

cross dating

The comparison of traits between several sites in order to establich their chronology.

cross-cousin marriage

Marriage between two cross-cousins.

In alliance theory (especially in its early versions), a rule or practice of marriage between father's sister's child and and mother's brother's child (a man's marriage with MBD is "matrilateral", with FZD is "patrilateral").

cross-cultural

Pertaining to comparison between different ways of life.

Crow system

(kin terms, Crow:) A system of kinship terminology in which matrilateral cross cousins are distinguished from each other and from parallel cousins and siblings, but patrilateral cross cousins are referred to by the same terms used for father or father's sister.

Sistem terminologi kekerabatan yang merupakan padanan matrilineal dari sistem Omaha yang patrilineal. Jadi, ibu ego dan saudara perempuan ibu ego disebut dengan satu nama, sedan ayah ego dan saudara laki-laki aya dklasifikasikan di bahwah istilah lain, dan saudara perempuan ayah ego dan anak perempuan ayah dari saudara perempuan ayah dikelompokkan di bawah istilah ketiga.

cult

See: cult institutions

cult institutions

The beliefs, ideas, and activities associated with the worship of a supernatural force or its representations, such as an ancestor cult or a bear cult.

A society's rituals and associated beliefs; basis of Wallace's typology of world religions.

cultivation continuum

A continuum based on the comparative study of nonindustrial cultivating societies in which labor intensity increases and fallowing decreases.

cultural anthropology

The study of the different ways in which groups of people live.

The study of cultural variation in human societies.

Cabang antropologi yang mengkhususkan diri pada pola-pola kehidupan masyarakat. Ahli antropologi budaya meletakkan perhatiannya pada kebudayaan manusia, atau cara hidupnya di dalam masyarakat. Dalam bidang antropologi budaya termasuk para - ahli arkeologi - ahli bahasa - ahli etnologi

See: anthropology

cultural colonialism

Internal domination - by one group and its culture/idelology over others; for example, Russian domination of the former Soviet Union.

cultural core

Karakteristik kerbudayaan yang berpengaruh atas hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan cara masyarakat mencari penghidupan.

cultural crystallization

The process of modification that a colonial culture undergoes once it has become established.

cultural ecology

The study of ecosystems that include people, focusing on how human use of nature influences and is influenced by social organization and cultural values.

The study of the effect of different environments on subsistence activities and related aspects of human lifeways.

The study of human populations and their culturally patterned behavior, withing ecosystems.

Studi tentang hubungan antara kebudayaan-kebudayaan tertentu dengan lingkungannya.

cultural evolution

Changes in culture through time.

cultural focus

The tendency of every culture to exhibit greater complexity and scope in some of its aspects and institutions than in others (after Herskovits 1948).

cultural imperialism

The rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures, which it modifies, replaces, or destroys - usually because of differential economic or political influence.

cultural learning

Learning based on the human capacity to think symbolically.

cultural materialism

The view that the nature of cultural systems is determined by technological and environmental factors as they interact.

The position, arggued most forcefully by Marvin Harris, that cultures represent primarily adaptive solutions to the material circumstances of life, and hence that peoples with similar technologies in similar environments will tend to evolve similar modes of social grouping, similar belief systems, etc.

Pendekatan terhadap antropologi yang berpendapat bahwa cara kebudayaan beradaptasi dengan lingkungannya merupakan faktor yang terpenting dalam perkembangannya.

cultural relativism

De opvatting dat culturen een gelijke waarde hebben en dat cultuurelementen verklaard en beoordeeld moeten worden in een context waarin ze voorkomen. See: ethnocentrism

The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect. Extreme relativism argues that cultures should be judged solely by their own standards.

The view that any human behavior occurs in the context of a particular culture and should be considered within that framework.

An ethical position insisting that since cultures are diverse and unique and embody different conceptions of the desirable, they can only be understood and evaluated in terms of their own standards and values.

Tesis bahwa karena setiap kebudayaan bersifat unik, maka kebudayaan hanya dapat dinilai berdasarkan norma-norma dan nilai-nilainya sendiri.

Cultural Survival

NGO founded in 1972 by David and Pia Maybury-Lewis, with the goal of helping native peoples to survive as successful ethnic minorities within nation-states.

cultural universals

(cultural constants:) Behavioral categories common to all cultures.

culturally compatible economic development projects

Projects that harness traditional organizations and locally perceived needs for change and that have a culturally appropriate design and implementation strategy.

culture

Het geheel van aangeleerde gewoonten, instelingen, symbolen, voorstellingen, waarden en normen van een groep.

Distinctly human; transmitted through learning; traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs.

The learned and shared behavior patterns characteristic of a group of people.

Patterns of behavior that are learned and shared by a group, as well as the results of such behavior.

1/ Het oefenen of verfijnen van de geest; beschaving. In dit boek wordt deze betekenis met 'cultuur één' aangeduid. 2/ De collectieve mentale programmering die de leden van één groep of categorie mensen onderscheidt van die van andere. Dit is het antropologische cultuurbegrip, dat, tenzij anders aangegeven, in dit boek wordt gebruikt.

The system of knowledge more or less shared by members of a society.

1/ Het geheel van gewoonten, instituten, symbolen, voorstellingen en waarden van een groep. 2/ Al die eigenschappen die een individu zich verwerft als lid van een groep.

Seperangkat peraturan atau norma yang dimiliki bersama oleh para anggota masyarakat, yang kalau dilaksanakan oleh para anggotanya, melahirkan perilaku yang oleh para anggotanya dipandang layak dan dapat diterima.

culture and personality

A subfield of cultural anthropology; examines variation in psychological traits and personality characteristics between cultures.

The study of the mutual effects of culture from an anthropological perspective and personality from a psychological perspective on individual behavior (after Langness 1974).

The attempt, most characteristic of American anthropology in the 1940s and 1950s, to find regalities in the relationship between a people's child-rearing practices (and the personality configurations they tend to produce through childhood experience) and their cultural beliefs and institutions.

culture area

An area within which societies share the same dominant cultural orientation.

Suatu daerah geografis di mana sejumlah masyarakat yang berbeda-beda mengikuti pola kehidupan yang semacam.

culture hero

In the mythology of a people, a mythic personage (human or animal) who is regarded as the bringer of their culture. In South America he is often the first ancestor or the creator of the world (in part or as a whole) who in primordial times wandered about a people's land performing miracles and great deeds. He created through the agency of metamorphosis and was wont to change the shapes of the objective world, of animals, and of humans. To the actions of their respective culture heroes societies often affirm to owe important resources, food plants, crafts or technological innovations, as well as social and religious practices and institution. In the mythologies of some societies, the transformer and benefactor roles of the culture hero blend with the similar roles of his sons, the twin heroes. Following his sojourn on earth, the culture hero is believed to have departed toward the western world, whence he will return some time in the future to destroy his creation.

culture history

The description of societies known from the archaeological record and/or documentary evidence

culture of poverty

Coined by Oscar Lewis; has economic social, and psychological characteristics - gregariousness, spontaneity, fatalism, marginality, associated with real poverty, capitalism, and bilateral kinship.

The theory, initially advanced by Oscar Lewis, that a generally similar way of life (marked by exploitative and fragile sexual relations, psychological stress, and fragile family structures) occurs among the urban poor in many parts of the world.

culture pattern

Het geheel van de onderling samenhangende en elkaar beïnvloedende cultuurtrekken van een samenleving; het eigen karakter, het typerende van een cultuur.

culture shock

Traumatische indruk die een andere, vreemde cultuur maakt op iemand die er aan wordt blootgesteld.

Een toestand van onbehagen die optreedt als een individu in een onbekende culturele omgeving moet functioneren. Cultuurschok gaat vaak gepaard met lichamelijke ziekteverschijnselen.

culture type

A concept stressing structural similarities common to an number of distinct cultures.

Pandangan tentang kebudayaan menurut hubungan antara teknologi yang khas dalam kebudayaan dengan lingkungan yang digarap dengan teknologi itu.

culture-assimilator

Een geprogrammeerde instructiemethode om in zelfstudie interculturele communicatievaardigheden te ontwikkelen.

Culture, general

Spelled wit a capital C; culture in the general sense as a capacity and possession shared by hominids.

culture, specific

Spelled with a small c; a culture in the specific sense, any one of the different and varied cultural traditions of specific societies.

curer

Specialized role acquired through a culturally appropriate process of selection, training, certification, and acquisition of a professional image; the curer is consulted by patients, who believe in his or her special powers, and receives some form of special consideration; a cultural universal.

cuscus

A type of marsupial found in New Guinea and highly prized for its meat and fur

custom

A superficial ritual.

cybernetics

A cluster of related subdisciplines that deal with information processing, control, feedback systems, etc. More generally, the sciences of communication, systems, and inromation, dealing with biological systems and artificial intelligence.

Cyrillic alphabet

A writing system developed in the ninth centrury for Slavic languages. Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian and other Slavic languages today are written with somewhat differnt versions of the basic Cyrillic alphabet.

czar

Ruler of Russia before 1917