Dabban culture

Kebudayaan "pisau" dari Jaman Paleolitikum Muda di Afrika.

dance

Patterned human movement performed as an end in itself.

Daoism

See: Taoism

datu

A chief, king or shaman

datum point

Titik permulaan atau titik acuan dari sistem petak.

daughter languages

Languages developing out of the same parent language, for example, French, and Spanish are daughter languages of Latin.

decoder

The hearer or addressee of a message.

deculturation

Dalam akulturasi, hilangnya bagian penting sebuah kebudayaan.

deep structure

In transformational grammar, the mental level; a sentence is formed in the speaker's mind and then interpreted by the hearer.

A level of syntactic analysis that reveals the logical relationships among the individual elements of a sentence.

In transformational linguistics, the underlying syntactic pattern of a sentence that conveys meaning.

Dalam linguistik teoretis Noam Chomsky, bentuk-bentuk tata bahasa yang asasi yang menjadi dasar dari semua kalimat dan yang memberi arti, dan merupakan pijakan dari semua ucapan.

definition

A basic term that serves as a point of departure in a study.

deme

A group based on the merging of locality, descent and in-marriage

demographic transition

The change in Western population dynamics that has occurred in the course of the past two centuries and that appears to be functionally linked to the industrial revolution.

Menurunnya angka kelahiran, sesudah angka kematian turun, di negara-negara yang perkembangan ekonomisnya lebih cepat daripada pertumbuhan penduduknya.

demography

The study of populations and of the statistics and dynamics of reproduction.

demonstrated descent

Basis of the lineage; decentgroup members cite the names of their forebears in each generation from the apical ancestor througt the present.

dendrochronology

A technique of absolute dating of wood remains by making use of the growth rins of trees.

Dalam arkeologi, metode penentuan umur secara kronologis berdasarkan jumlah gelang pertumbuhan yang terdapat pada batang pohon.

density of social relations

Jumlah dan intensitas interaksi antara anggota-anggota sesuatu pemukiman atau unit hunian yang lain.

dependent variable

Any variable to be explained or predicted.

desacralization

The process of becoming secular, of moving from a state of sacredness. (Cf. sacralization).

descent

Een op de ouder-kindrelatie gebaseerde regel voor het bepalen van verwantschap, waarbij het individu ingedeeld wordt bij zijn vaders en/of moeders groep (patrilineair, matrilineair en bilineair).

Rule assigning social identity on the basis of some aspect of one's ancestry.

Recruteringsbeginsel (dat is: de wijze waarop een individu lid wordt van een groep) gegrond op de relatie ouder-kind: een individu wordt lid van de afstammingsgroep waarvan zijn of haar vader of moeder lid is.

The way in which links between generations of relatives are calculated.

A relationship defined by connection to an ancestor (or ancestress) through a culturally recognized sequence of parent-child links (from father to son to son's son = patrilineal descent, from mother to daughter to daughter's daughter = matrilineal descent).

descent group

Algemene term voor een groep verwante mensen die hun onderlinge relaties kunnen traceren via gemeenschappelijke voorouders.

Groep waarvan de leden zich onderling verwant voelen op grond van afstamming van een gemeenschappelijke voorouder (vrb. lineage, clan).

A permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry; fundamental to tribal society.

A kin group whose membership is based on a rule of descent. Appropriate descent status (patrilineal, matrilineal, or cognatic, depending on the society) entitles a person to be a member of the group.

Satuan sosial yang diakui oleh masyarakat demikian rupa sehingga gari keturunan dari seorang leluhur tertentu baik yang sungguh-sungguh ada maupun yang hanya ada dalam mitologi, menjadi kriteria keanggotaan.

descent systems

Linkages between generations of related individuals.

descriptive

(kin terms, classificatory:) Kinship terms, such as aunt, that designate several categories of distinct relatives, such as mother's sister and father's sister.

(descriptieve verwantschapsterm:)Verwantschapsterm die maar voor één type verwant gebruikt kan worden (in het Nederlandse systeem: vader en moeder). See: classificatorisch

Sistem terminologi kekerabatan di mana ayah ego, saudara laki-laki ayah dan ibu dibedakan yang satu dari yang lain, sperti juga ibu, saudara perempuan ibu, dan ayah. Saudara sepupu juga dibedakan yang satu dari yang lain, dan juga dari saudara sekandung.

descriptive linguistics

The study of languages in terms of their internal structure.

(descriptive approach:) In linguistics, the analysis of the structure of a language in terms of minimal units and their combinations.

Studi bahasa yang berpusat pada usaha mencatat dan menerangkan semua ciri-cir bahasa pada sesuatu saat dalam sejarah.

developmental cycle

(of domestic groups:) In the anthropology of social organization, the process whereby a domestic family established by a marriage proliferates with the birth of children, dwindles with their marriages, and eventually is extinguished.

developmental stage

A stage of evolution based on archaeological and sociocultural evidence from a large variety of archaeological sites.

developmental type

Category based on convergent evolution and environmental similarity; includes societies in ecologically similar areas that evolved in an analogous fashion.

deviance

Behavior that the majority of a society's members consider outside the range of what is "normal".

deviant

A person who behaves in a way significantly different from that customary in a society.

dharma

The duties proper to one's station in Hindu life.

dialect

A variety of a language distinct in certain aspects of pronunciation, vocabulary, and sometimes grammar from other varieties of the same language.

A variety of a language characteristic of a particular geographic region or social class.

Perbedaan bentuk-bentuk dari satu bahasa yang menjadi ciri dari daerah-daerah atau kelas-kelas sosial tertentu, dan yang masih cukup besar persamaannya, sehingga orang masih dapat saling memahami.

dialectical

Pertaining to a mode of analysis in terms of oppositions and their resolution; more generally, a relationship of the sort now called feedback (in cybernetics) whereby forces or messages or propositions interact cyclically.

diaspora

The offspring of an area who have spread to many lands.

differential access

Unequal access to resources; basic attribute of chiefdoms and states. Superordinates have favored access to such resources, while the access of subordinates is limited by superordinates.

diffusion

Proces van geografische verbreiding van cultuurelementen.

Borrowing between cultures either directly or through intermediates.

(borrowing:) The spread of a trait or trait complex from one culture to another.

Penyebaran adat atau kebiasaan dari kebudayaan yang satu ke kebudayaan yang lain.

diffusionism

Theorie die inhoudt dat cultuurelementen op één plaats zijn uitgevonden of ontdekt, en daarna van daaruit zijn verbreid.

diglossia

The coexistence of two forms of the same language in a culture or community. Often one is the literary form and the other is the domestic form. The term is also sometimes used in reference to groups who regularly use two different languages.

The existence of "high" (formal) and "low" (informal, familial) dialects of a single language, such as German.

The coexistence of two markedly different varieties of a language, one formal and the other colloquial.

dimension

Een aspect van een verschijnsel dat kan worden gemeten (uitgedrukt in een getal).

dimensional model

Een aantal dimensies die in combinatie worden gebruikt om een verschijnsel te beschrijven.

dingdong theory

A theory basing the origin of language on a natural correspondence between certain objects and the vocal noises they evoked in early humans.

dip

In glottochronology, a degree of lexical relationship amounting to the absolute time depth in thousands of years times 14.

Dipavali

Hindu festival in October-November, when lamps are lit and presents exchanged.

directional selection

Seleksi alamiah yang pengaruhnya melancarkan perubahan dalam kelompok gen populasi.

discourse

Talk, speeches, gestures, and actions.

discreteness

A feature of language design whereby utterances are encoded or decoded in terms of separate, individually distinct segments of sound.

discrimination

Policies and practices that harm a group and its members.

disease

An etic or scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.

displaced person

An individual forced to leave his or her homeland as a result of war, famine, or other such factors.

displacement

The ability to communicate about something not presently at hand.

The ability of human languages to refer to ideas remote in both time and space.

Kemampuan untuk menunjuk barang atau kejadian dari waktu dan tempat yang berbeda.

distinctive features

In phonology, semantics, or symbolic analysis, two-way contrasts (high vs. low, front vs. back, right vs. left, nature vs. culture); a set of contrasting items (phonemes, words, etc.) are defined by combinations of these distinctive features (e.g., a phoneme is defined as vowel-front-high-tense, in contrast to the other phonemes in the set.

Divali

See: Dipavali

divergent evolution

Suatu proses evolusi di mana sebuah populasi induk melahirkan dua anak populasi atau lebih yang saling berbeda.

divination

Waarzeggerij.

The use of extrasensory means to discover hidden knowledge.

In the tribal and ancient world, obtaining information or securing decisions from supernaturals.

Prosedur magi yang dapat menentukan sebab sesuatu peristiwa khusus, seperti penyakit atau meramalkan sesutatu yang akan terjadi.

division of labor

The performance of different tastks by different kinds or classes of people (most basically, between men and women, young and adult and old) - but in complex societies, increasingly specialized.

DNA

Deoxyribonuceic acid - materi dalam ilmu genetika: molekul komplex yang mengandung sandi untuk mengatur sintesis protein. Molekul DNA memiliki sifat yang unik, yaitu memproduksi kopi yang persis sama dengan dirinya sendiri.

domestic

Within or pertaining to the home.

domestic group

A social group occupying or centered in a dwelling house, living (and usually eating) together, and characteristically exercising corporate control over family property.

domestic mode of production

Term used by Sahlins and Meillassoux about economic systems where the bulk of production takes place within the domestic family.

domestical system

(of manufacture): Also known as "home handicraft production"; preindustrial manufacturing system in which organizer-entrepreneurs supplied raw materials to people who worked at home and collected finished products from them.

domestic-public dichotomy

Contrast between women's role in the home and men's role in public life, with a corresponding social devalutation of women's work and worth.

double descent

Kinship affiliation by both matrilineal and patrilineal descent.

Afstammingssysteem waarbij in één samenleving tegelijkertijd en onafhankelijk van elkaar zowel patri- als matrilineaire afstammingsgroepen zijn.

Descent that is traced through the male line for certain purposes and through the female line for others.

A system whereby two systems of social groups or categories exist (for different purposes) in the same society, one based on patrilineal descent and the other on matrilineal descent (so a person belongs to his/her father's patrilineal group and his/her mother's matrilineal group).

Sistem yang menghitung keturunan untuk beberapa keperluan menurut garis matrilineal dan untuk keperluan lain menurut garis patrilineal.

dowry

The practice of a bride's kin giving substantial property or wealth to the groom or to his kin before or at the same time of marriage.

De goederen die een vrouw van haar familie meekrijgt bij haar huwelijk.

A marital exchange in which the wife's group provides substantial gifts to the husband's family.

Money or other forms of wealth transferred from the bride or her relatives to the groom or his relatives to seal a marriage contract.

The transfer of money, goods, or estate from the bride's family to the groom or his family.

The valuables or estate transferred by a bride's relatives to her, her husband, or her children in connection with her marriage.

Dravidian

The language family of the darkes-skinned people of South-Asia, mainly found in southern India and Sri Lanka.

dreamtime

In Australian Aboriginal cosmology, a mode of existence believed to have preceded the visible mundane one (a time of sacred beings and events celebrated in ritual and myth) and to lie behind that realm of perceptible events in the present.

drive

An innate urge to relieve onditions of biophysical deprivation or disocomfort, for example, hunger or thirst.

dry rice

Varieties of the rice plant (Oryza sativa) grown in rainfed fields without irrigation

dualism

A mode of conceptual organization in terms of opposites: yin vs. yang, or nature vs. culture, or male vs. female, etc. ; including the use of such.

duality of patterning

The ability of different sounds to be combined in different ways to make words with particular meanings.

dyad

Relatie tussen twee personen.

A basic linkage, within a kinship group, involving a pair of individuals.

dyadic contract

Enduring obligations entailing exchanges of goods and services between two individuals; espectially important, according to Foster, in some peasant communities.