earth
lodge
A large dome-shaped, partly underground
dwelling constructed on a frame of posts and beams, thatched with bundled
greass, branches, mats and so on, and covered with earth.
ecocide
Destruction of local ecosystems.
ecological
niche
The place of a species within an ecosystem: its habitat, food supply,
relationship to predators or prey, etc.
Tata kehidupan sebuah jenis diklihat dalam hubungan
denagn lingkungannya, termasuk jenis-jenis lain yang terdapat di lingkungan
yang bersangkutan.
ecology
Wetenschap die zich bezighoudt met de relaties tussen
organismen of groepen en hun milieu.
The study of interrelationships among living things in an environment.
economic
typology
Classification of societies based on their adaptive strategies, for
example, foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture.
economics
The study of systems of production, distribution, and consumption of
material goods and services.
economizing
The rational allocation of scarce means (or resources) to alternative
ends (or uses); often considered the subject matter of economics.
economy
Wijze van produktie, consumptie en distributie van
schaarse goederen in een samenleving.
A population's system of production, distribution, and consumption of
resources.
A people's system of production, distribution, and consumption of
material goods and services.
ecosystem
A patterned arrangement of energy flows and exchanges; includes
organisms sharing a common environment ant that environment.
An ecological community that functions as a discrete unit.
Sistem, atau kesatuan yang berfungsi, yang terdiri
atas lingkungan fisik maupun organisme yang hidup di situ.
educability
Kemampuan menerima pendidikan.
A population characterized by status quality.
1/ Sistem sosial di mana jumlah posisi yang bernilai sama besarnya dengan jumlah orang yang dapat mendudukinya.
2/ Sistem politik di mana jumlah posisi yang diberi penghargaan
sama besarnya dengan jumlah orang yang dapat mendudukinya.
ego
In kinship studies ego is a male or female
whom the anthropologist arbitratrily designates as the reference point for a
particular kinship diagram or discussion of kinship terminology.
Latin for I. In kinship charts, the point from which one views
egocentric genealogy.
An individual within a kinship system to whom various
other persons are shown to be related.
Electra
complex
In psychoanalytic theory, ambivalence and hostility between mother and
daughter in relation to the father's sexuality.
elementary
family
See: nuclear family
elementary
system (of kinship)
In Lévi-Strauss's theory, systems of kinship and marital alliance where
all members of one's society are potentially incorporated in kinship categories
and where these categories serve to define a system of marital alliance
(exchange of women between groups).
elite
De gekwalificeerde minderheid (minderheden), die in een
hiërarchisch gelede samenleving de topposities innemen, hetzij op grond van al
dan niet traditionele privileges, hetzij via democratische selectie, hetzij
eigen prestaties.
The dominant class or classes in a complex stratified society, with
political power and a prestigious life-style sustained by strategic control
direct or indirect over resources and the means of production.
embalming
A means of preserving a corpse.
emic
The research strategy that focussus on native explanations and criteria
of significance.
Pertaining to what members of a society perceive as
significant and valid.
emic
viewpoint
The interpretation of reality as perceived by the group studied; an
insider's perspective.
emotionalistic
disease theories
Theories that assume that illness is caused by intense emotional
experiences.
empirical
Bases on observation or
experience and subject to verification or disproof.
encoder
One who converts a message into a code; the originator
of a message.
encomienda
In Spanish-colonized areas, a form of exploitation
analogous to the feudal system of peasant servitude.
Het proces van cultuuroverdracht van de ene generatie op
de volgende binnen een samenleving. See: socialisatie
The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across
the generations.
The process by which a young individual learns the traditional
contents of a culture and assimilates the bulk of its values and practices.
Proses pewarisan / penerusan kebudayaan sesuatu masyarakat
dari generasi yang satu kepada generasi yang berikutnya.
See: socialization
endogamy
Marriage within a specific group or social category
of which the person is a member, such as one's caste or community.
(J.F.McLennan) Verplichting om een huwelijkspartner
binnen de groep waarvan men lid is te zoeken (dit kan een locale groep zijn,
maar ook een verwantschapsgroep of een leeftijdsgroep).
Marriage between people of the same social group.
A practice requiring persons to marry within the group
to which they belong.
A requirement for marriage within a defined category or range or group
or community ("in-marriage"). All societies are minimally endogamous
in that they limit marriage to members of the same species; most limit marriage
to members of the opposite sex.
Marriage to someone whithin one's own group (village, caste, band, and
so on).
De sociale regel die van een individu eist dat hij huwt
binnen de groep waarvan hij lid is.
Perkawinan dalam kelompok atau kategori individu
tertentu.
entrepreneur
A business person who makes investments of resources, entailing risk,
in pursuit of profitable return.
environmental
racism
The systematic use of institutionally based power by a majority group
to make policy decisions that create disproportionate environmental hazards in
minority communities.
environmentalists
See - nurturists
epic
Cerita lisan yang panjang, kadan-kadang dalam bentuk
puisi atau prosa ritmis, yang menceritakan perbuatan-perbuatan besar dalam
kehidupan orang yang sebenarnya atau yang ada dalam legenda.
epicanthic
eye fold
Lipatan kulit di sudut dalam mata, yang menutupi sudut
mata yang sebenarnya; biasa terdapat pada populasi Asia.
equity,
increased
A reduction in absolute poverty and a fairer (more even) distribution
of wealth.
escapistische beweging
Beweging, wier primaire doel is zich geestelijk terug te
trekken van de realiteit van alledag.
eschatologisch-adoptieve beweging
Beweging, die op mirakuleuze wijze de goederen van het
Westen en/of de Westelijke cultuur voor haar leden wil verkrijgen.
eschatologisch-nativistische beweging
Beweging, die op mirakuleuze wijze het leven van vóór de
komst van de blanken wil herstellen.
Eskimo
system
(kin terms, Eskimo:) A system of kinship
terminology in which cousins are distinguished from brothers and sisters, but
no distinction is made between cross and parallel cousins. Sometimes also
called European kin terms.
Sistem terminologi kekerabatan, yang juga disebut
sistem lineal, yang mengutamakan keluarga inti yang khusus memberi identifikasi
kepada ibu, ayah, saudara laki-laki, dan perempuan, sedang semua saudara
lainnya dicampur menjadi satu.
estrus
Period of sexual receptivity (heat) in female mammals.
Pada primat betina, waktu kesiapan seksual selama
terjadi ovulasi; masa berahi.
ethnic
expulsion
A policy aimed at removing groups who are culturally different from a
country.
ethnic
group
Group distinguished by cultural similarities (shared among members of
that group) and differences (between that group and others); ethnic group
members share beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms, and a common
language, religion, history, geography, kinship, and/or race.
A population whose members share a distinct cultural heritage that
differs from the heritage of the larger society within which it exists.
ethnic
minorities
Indigenous peoples who have moved to urban areas.
ethnic psychosis
Gangguan mental yang khas untuk suatu kelompok etnis.
ethnicity
Het verschijnsel dat wanneer cultureel verschillende
groepen opgenomen worden in een groter geheel (een nationale samenleving
bijvoorbeeld) gevoelens van culturele identiteit eerder versterkt dan verzwakt
worden.
Identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group, and
exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation.
A set of descent-based cultural identifiers used to assign persons to
groupings that expand and contract in inverse relation to the scale of
inclusiveness and exclusiveness of hte membership (after Cohen 1978).
ethnocentrism
(W.G.Sumner) Het denkbeeld dat de opvattingen, gewoonten
en waarden van de eigen groep beter zijn dan die van andere groepen, waarmee de
opvattingen etc. van die andere groep
automatisch als afwijkend en inferieur beoordeeld worden.
The tendency to view one's own culture as best an to judge the behavior
and beliefs of culturally different people by one's own standards.
The attitude that one's own culture is superior to all others.
The common assuption of members of any society that
their beliefs and patterns of behavior are natural and sensible, those of other
societies less worthy or "strange".
Viewing other peoples and ways of life in terms of one's own cultural
assumption, customs and values.
Het toepassen van de normen van iemands eigen samenleving
op mensen buiten die samenleving.
Kepercayaan bahwa kebudayaan sendiri dalam segala hal
lebih tinggi daripada semua kebudayaan lain.
ethnocide
Destruction by a dominant group of the cultures of an ethnic group.
Process in which ethnic groups survive but lose or severely modify their
ancestral cultures.
The systematic destruction of a culture.
ethnogenesis
The creation of a new group from two or more cultures.
ethnographic
present
A hypothetical time frame used in describing a
culture, usually couched in the present but referring to an earlier time for
which reliable information is available.
The hypothetical time baseline where (in various parts of the world, at
different times) Europeans first intruded on the tribal world.
ethnography
De beschrijving van een samenleving en haar cultuur.
Field work in a particular culture.
Descriptive study of a culture.
The descriptive study of the way in which members of a particular group
live at a specific time.
The study of human cultures in historical and comparative perspective.
Dat onderdeel van de culturele antropologie waarbij de
nadruk ligt op het unieke, bijzondere van één samenleving.
Deskripsi sistematis dari kebudayaan berdasarkan observasi
tangan pertama.
ethnography
of speaking
Descriptive study of the features that characterize
the use of speech in a society.
ethnohistory
Oral and written accounts of a culture's past by insiders and
outsiders.
The presentation and interpretation of ethnographic information in
historical context.
Studi mengenai kebudayaan baru yang sudah lalu,
berdasarkan cerita-cerita yang ditinggalkan oleh para penjelajah benua,
misionaris, serta pedagang, dengan menganalisis dokumen-dokumen sperti yang
berhubungan dengan hak atas tanah, kelahiran dan kematian, dan hahan-bahn arsip
lain.
ethnolinguistics
Studi tengang hubungan antara bahasa dan kebudayaan.
ethnology
Cross-cultural comparison; the comparative study of ethnographic data,
of society and culture.
The systematic comparison of cultures to establish how and why they are
similar or dissimilar.
Comparative and analytical study of cultures.
The documenting and analysis of a particular culture through field
research.
Dat onderdeel van de culturele antropologie waarbij de
nadruk ligt op het algemene, wetmatige van de menselijke samenleving.
Cabang antropologi yang mempelajari kebudayaan ditinjau
dari sudut komparatif atau historis.
ethnomusicology
The study of music as a part of culture.
Studi tentang musik sesuatu masyarakat dalam kerangka
kebudayaannya.
ethnoscience
See - ethnosemantics
(new ethnography:) The study of the way a group arranges and classifies
its universe.
Ahli antropologi yang berusaha memahami bagaimana
orang pribumi mamahami alam mereka.
ethnosemantics
The study of lexical (vocabulary) contrasts and classifications in
various languages.
ethogram
The behavioral patterns or propensities of a species that are
transmitted generally.
ethology
The scientific study of animal behavior.
The scientific study of the behavior of animals in natural settings.
etic
The research strategy that emphasizes the observer's rather than the
natives' explanations, categories, and criteria of significance.
(etic viewpoint:) The interpretation of a culture's view of reality as
perceived by an outside observer.
Pertaining to cultural categories as perceived or
employed by an outside observer, usually those categories possessing
cross-cultural validity.
Etoro
Papua-New Guinea culture in which males are culturally trained to
prefer homosexuality.
European
Community (EC)
A political and economic association of
twelve Western European nations, formally founded in 1992 and to be established
in 1993 following ratification by the parliaments of the member nations.
European
Economic Community (EEC)
Also known as the Common Market, an
economic association of Western European nations founded in 1957. It has been
replaced by the European Community.
evil
eye
The belief that a certain person can
perform harm to another simply by wishing him or her harm (casting the evil
eye). In South Asia mothers are especially fearful for their young children and
may use amulets or other devices as protection against the evil eye.
evolution
Descent with modification; change in form over generations.
Change in form throuht time.
Descent with progressive genetic modification; the process of change in
organisms.
evolutionisme
Richting in de culturele antropologie, die de
ontwikkeling van de maatschappij wil bestuderen van eenvoudig tot complex,
d.w.z. van samenlevingen, die weinig functieverdeling kennen (homogeen zijn)
tot samenlevingen, die veel functieverdeling kennen (heterogeen zijn).
exchange
The process by which mutual economic obligations are met.
Reciprocal transfer of valuables, rights, commodities, etc. between
individuals or groups.
Marriage outside a specific group or social
category of which the person is a
member, such as one's clan or community.
(J.F.McLennan) Verplichting om een huwelijkspartner
buiten de groep waarvan men lid is te zoeken (dit kan een locale groep zijn,
maar ook een verwantschapsgroep of een leeftijdsgroep).
Of a kinship group (e.g., a lineage or clan), subject to a rule of
exogamy, or out-marriage.
Mating or marriage outside one's kin group; a cultural universal. Rule
requiring people to marry outside their own group.
Marriage to someone outside one's own group (lineage, clan, community,
and so on).
A practice forbidding marriage between individuals
from within the same local, kin, or status group.
A requirement for marriage outside a particular social group or range
of kinship.
Het verbod om binnen de eigen groep (meestal een lineage
of een clan) te huwen.
De sociale regel die van een individu eist dat hij huwt
buiten de groep waarvan hij lid is.
Peraturan bahwa perkawinan harus dengan orang dari
luar kelompok sendiri.
expanded
family household
Coresident group that can include siblings and their spouses and
children (a collateral household) or three generations of kin and their spouses
(an extended family household).
expressive
culture
Behavior that is affective - relating to, arising from or influenced by
emotions.
extended family
Verwantengroep bestaande uit twee of meer gezinnen
(meestal een ouderlijk gezin en een of meer gezinnen van getrouwde kinderen). See: joint family
Expanded household including three or more generations.
Two or more nuclear or polygamous families joined by blood ties over
two or more generations.
A composite family consisting of two or more nuclear
families related to each other.
A domestic group or composite of domestic groups consisting of two or
more nuclear families linked together through parent and child (patrilineal
extended family, matrilineal extended family) or through siblings (fraternal or
sororal extended family).
Een samenlevingsverband dat verwanten in de tweede en
derde graad (of verder) omvat, zoals grootouders, ooms, tantes, neven en
nichten.
Kumpulan keluarga-keluarga inti, yang (saling)
berhubungan (karena se)darah, dan hidup bersama.
extensive
cultivation
A form of horticulture in which plots of
land are cleared and planted for a few years and then left to fallow for a
number of years while other plots are used. Also called swidden, or
slash-and-burn cultivation.
extradomestic
Outside the home; within or pertaining to the public domain.