haj

Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca

Hawaii system

(kin terms, Hawaiian:) A system of kinship terminology in which all male cousins are referred to by the same term used for «brother», and all female cousins are referred to by the same term used for «sister».

Cara pengelompokan kerabat, di mana semua keluarga dari seks dan generasi yang sama disebut dengan istilah yang sama.

headman

The legitimately empowered head political authority of a village (central Africa), or a colonially created equivalent.

head, village

A local leader in a tribal society who has limited authority, leads by example and persuasion, and must be generous.

health-care systems

Beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with ensuring health and preventing and curing illness; a cultural universal.

hegemonic reading

(of a "text"): The reading or meaning that the creators intended, or the one the elites consider to be the intended or correct meaning.

hegemony

As used by Antonio Gramsci, a stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing its values and accepting its "naturalness".

hemispheral lateralization

The development in humans of complementarity of the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain (so that the left hemisphere is normally - in right-handed individuals - the center of linguistic and logical operations and consciousness, the right, the center of associative, integrative, holistic thought processes).

hemoglobine

Protein yang mengandung oksigen dalam sel darah merah.

heroes

Personen, dood of levend, echt of fictief, met eigenschappen die in een cultuur hoog in aanzien staan, en die daarom functioneren als gedragsmodellen.

heterozigot

Menunjuk sepasang kromosom yang mengandung alela-alela yang berbeda untuk sel tunggal.

hidden transcript

A used by James Scott, the critique of power by the opressed that goes on offstage - in private - where the power holders can't see it.

hierarchical

Orgnanized in terms of vertical levels, with lower elements of the system (whether it be a political organization or a classification system or a computer program) subsumed under or controlled by those at higher levels.

Himalayas

The world's highest mountain range, stretching over 2,200 kilometers eastward from Kashmir through Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and northeast India to form the boundary between South Asia and Tibet.

Hindu Kush

A mountain range that covers the northeast portion of Afghanistan and joins with the Karakoram in the northernmost parts of Pakistan.

historical explanation

Demonstration that a social institution or practice exists among different populations because they share a period of common history or have been exposed to common sources of information; includes diffusion.

historical linguistics

The study of historical connections between languages.

Subdivision of linguistics that studies languages over time.

Studi mengenai hubungan antara bentuk bahasa yang lebih tua dan yang lebih muda, anteseden-anteseden dalam perkembangan bahasa-bahasa yang lebih tua, yang terdapat dalam bahasa-bahasa modern, dan hubungan di antara bahasa-bahasa yang lebih tua.

historical particularism

See: Particularism

Holi

A Hindu spring festival marked by much merriment, especially the throwing of coloured water or powders at passersby.

holistic

Interested in the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language and culture.

Di dalam antropologi, usaha untuk melihat segala sesuatu dalam hubungan yang seluas-luasnya, untuk memahami saling hubungan dan saling ketergantungan.

home range

An area within which a primate social group forages (distinct from a Territory in that a home range is not defended against encroachment by other groups of the same species).

Daerah di mana sekelompok primat biasanya mengembara.

homeopathic medicine

A system of medical treatment developed in the nineteenth century based on the belief that "like cures like". Thus, treatments such as drugs or the application of heat are used to cure ailments that would be caused by their application to people free of the ailment. For example, quinine is given to persons with malaria because quinine causes symtoms of malaria when given to healthy people.

hominids

Members of the zoological family (Hominidae) that includes fossil and living humans.

Pertaining to modern humans and their direct fossil ancestors.

Member of the family of the order primates to which man and his closed fossil ancestors are assigned.

Anggota keluarga manusia.

hominoid

Pertaining to a subdivision of the primates comprising both contemporary and extinct humans and apes.

Homo

Marga hominida dengan karakteristik otak telah menjadi besar dan rahangnya menjadi lebih kecil; pertama kali muncul kira-kira 2 juata tahun yang lalu.

Homo erectus

An early, now extinct, species of humans.

Anggot-anggota marga Homo, yang langsung mendahului dan dalam garis lurus deng Homo sapiens.

Homo habilis

An extinct hominid, possibly an advanced australopithecine form.

Term used by L.Leakey and accepted by many specialists for hominid fossils at the dawn of the Pleistocene transitional to the genus Homo and associated with tool industries.

Hominida fosil yang ditemukan oleh suami-istri Leaky pada tahun 1960, yang oleh beberapa ahli dianggap sebagai Australopithecus yang telah maju, sedangkan oleh ahli-ahli lain sebagai suatu wujud marga Homo, yang mendahului Homo erectus.

Homo sapiens

The human species.

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

The variety of modern humans to which all contemporary populations belong.

Wakil Homo sapiens purba di Eropa dan Timur Tengah, yang hidup dari kira-kira 100.000 sampai 35.000 tahun yang lalu.

Homo sapiens sapiens

The variety of modern humans to which all contemporary populations belong.

The subspecies of biologically modern human populations that have diversified within the last 40,000 years.

Homo Soloensis

Fosil Manusia Neanderthal dari Jawa.

homology

Dalam biologi, struktur yang terdapat pada dua organisme yang berbeda, yang lahir dengan cara yang sama dan dalam perumbuhan embrionya melalaui tahap-tahap yang sama. Mungkin dalam organisme yang dewasa sama atau tidak sama, akan tetapi berkembang dari nenek moyang yang sama.

homonyms

Words that sound the same but have different meanings, such as bear and bare.

homosexual

A person who has an exclusive sexual interest in individuals of his or her owen gender; a form of deviancy not as extreme as transsexualism.

homozigot

Menunjuk sepasang kromosom yang mengandung alela-alela yang identik untuk sel tunggal.

horticulture

Plant cultivation carried out by relatively simple means, usually without permanent fields, artificial fertilizers, or plowing.

Nonindustrial system of plant cultivation in which plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time.

Farming small plots of land with hand tools.

Cultivation of crops using hand tools (e.g., digging stick or hoe). Cf. agriculture

Hortikultura: pembudidyaan tanaman pangan yang dikerjakan dengan alat-alat tangan seperti tongkat penggali atau cangkul.

household

Een groep die samenwoont, hetzij in één huis, hetzij in een complex huizen, hetzij in een deel van een huis, en die dagelijkse werkzaamheden zoals voedselbereiding en -verdeling onderling organiseert.

A basic residential unit, typically made up of persons who live under the same roof and are related.

Human Relations Area Files (HRAF)

Voluminous archive assembled from ethnographic reports and historical accounts of more than 300 cultures.

Huns

A nomadic people who invaded and ruled areas of southeastern Europe from about C.E. 370 until they were defeated by a coalition of other groups in C.E. 455

hunter-gatherers

Human populations that rely in subsistence exclusively or almost exclusively on wild foods, hunted and collected. Some modern hunter-gatherers receive subsistence food from governments or missions or do minimal cultivating, but their relationship to their environment continues to be predatory and opportunistic.

hunting and gathering

A mode of subsistence based on hunting and collecting of wild foods.

hydraulic systems

Systems of water management, including irrigation, drainage, and flood control. Often associated with agricultural societies in arid and river environments.

Sebuah teori yang melihat lahirnya paradaban sebagai akibat dari pembangunan sistem irigasi yang rumit, yang untuk dapat berfungsi memerlukan pengelola khusus. Pengendalian oleh para pengelola tersebut tumbuh menjadi lembaga pemerintahan yang pertama dan menjadi suatu kelas sosial yang elit.

hypergamy

A marriage system in which women marry men of higher social or caste status than themselves.

Huwelijk van een vrouw met een man van hogere stand of kaste (het omgekeerde wordt hypogamie genoemd - er wordt dus vanuit de positie van de vrouw gekeken).

Dalam masyarakat dengan struktur kasta, kebiasaan yang memperbolehkan perkawinan dengan rang dari kelas yang setingkat lebih tinggi.

hypervitaminosis D

Condition caused by an excess of vitamin D; calcium deposits build up in the body's soft tissues and the kidneys may fail; symptoms include gallstones, joint problems, and circulation problems; may affect unprotected light-skinned individuals in the tropics.

hypodescent

Rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less-privileged group.

hypogamy

A marriage system in which men marry women of higher social or caste status than themselves.

Huwelijk van een vrouw met een man van lagere stand of kaste (het omgekeerde wordt hypergamie genoemd - er wordt dus vanuit de positie van de vrouw gekeken).

hypothesis

A means to test a theoretical position against empirical data.

Penjelasan sementara mengenai hubungan antara fenomena-fenomena tertentu.

hysteria

A class of mental disturbances marked by fantasy and an extreme physical response to psychic stress (e.g., rigidly, going berserk). Subject to a high degree of cultural patterning (e.g., Arctic hysteria, Witiko psychosis, Amok, and other possession states).