lactase

Enzim dalam usus kecil yang menyebabkan manusia dapat mengasimilasikan laktosa.

lactation

Milk production.

lactose

Komponen pokok dalam susu segar.

ladino

In southern Mexico an Guatemala, a Spanish-speaking participant in the national culture (in contrast to a person who is culturally and linguistically Indian).

lagoon

A sheltered body of sea water encricled by a coral reef.

lama

See: bhikkhu

Lamaism

A form of Buddhism with a central role played by the priest called lamas; often called Tibetan Buddhism.

lamaistic Buddhism

A form of Mahayana Buddhism practiced by Tibetans. It acknowledges as its supreme earthly head the Dalai Lama, formerly also political ruler of Tibet, and it recognizes many minor demons and deities.

landtenure

Stelsel van grondrechten.

Lange-termijngerichtheid

Het tegendeel van Korte-termijngerichtheid. Samen vormen zij een dimensie van nationale culturen die oorspronkelijk 'Confuciaans dynamisme' werd genoemd. Lange-termijngerichtheid staat voor het nastreven van deugden die in de toekomst beloond zullen worden, met name doorzettingsvermogen en spaarzaamheid.

Lange-termijngerichtheidsindex

(LTG) Een maat voor de Lange-termijngerichtheid in de cultuur van een land, afgeleid uit het onderzoek van Michael Bond onder studenten met behulp van de Chinese Value Survey (CVS).

language

A purely human an noninstinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols (after Sapir 1921).

1/ A code for symbolic communication consisting of a set of symbols and set of rules (a Grammar) for constructing messages. (Thus a computer uses a man-made artificial language of digital signals.) 2/ A naturally evolved human code for vocal communication (a Natural Language) or a system (.e.g., of hand signs) based on a natural language.

Suatu sistem komunikasi yang menggunakan suara yang dihubungkan satu sama lain menurut seperangkat aturan, sehingga mempunyai arti.

language acquisition

The learning by a child of his or her native language and the processes whereby this is accomplished.

language family

All those languages that can be shown to be genetically realted, that is, possessing the same common origin.

Sekelompok bahasa yang merupakan perkembangan akhir dari satu bahasa asli yang sama.

latent function

A custom's underlying function, often unperceived by natives.

The unintended and often unrecognized result of an individual or group action.

lateralization

See: hemispheral lateralization

latifundia

Great estates (in ancient Rome, postcolonial Latin America, etc.) run by absentee landlords.

law

A legal code, including trial and enforcement; characteristic of state-organized societies.

A rule regulating behavior and defined by custom or codified.

Norma sosial yang kalau diabaikan atau dilanggar ditindak berdasarkan peraturan, dalam bentuk ancaman atau tindakan sungguh-sunggu, dengan mengenakan kekerasan fisik, oleh orang atau kelompok ynag mempunyai wewenang untuk berbuat demikian yang diakui oleh masyarakat.

Law of Hardy-Weinberg

Prinsip dalam ilmu genetika yang menunjukkan secara aljabar bahwa persentase indidvidu-individu yang homozigot dalam hal alela yang dominan, homozigot dalam alela yang resesif, dan yang hetrozigot akan tetap konstan dari generasi ke generasi, kalau pasangan meneruskan keterunan itu dalam populasi terjadi secara acak.

legal Indians

See: status Indians

legend

A form of literature focusing on past events but affected by historical license and involving spirit beings.

Cerita semihistoris yang turun-temurun dari jaman dahulu, yang menceritakan perbuatan-perbuatan pahlawan, perpindahan penduduk, dan pembentukan ada kebiasaan lokal.

leisure

Irregular, spontaneuous time for enjoyment.

lesbian

A female homosexual.

Levalloisian technique

In stone toolmaking, a method of striking flakes off a stone core.

Teknik pembuatan peralatan yang berkembang kira-kira 200.000 tahun yang lalu, dengan memukul lepas tiga atau empat kepingan panjang-panjang dari batu yang sudah disiapkan lebih dahulu secar khusus.

leveling mechanisms

Customs and social actions that operate to reduce differences in wealth and thus to bring standouts in line with community norms.

Kewajiban sosial yang memaksa keluarga untuk mendistribusiakan barang-barangnya, sehingga tidak ada orang yang menumpuk kekayaan lebih banyak daripada orang lain.

levirate

The practice of requiring a man to marry his brother's widow.

Gebruik dat een weduwe gaat samenleven met een broer van haar overleden man en waarbij de uit deze relatie geboren kinderen juridisch kinderen zijn van de overleden echtgenoot. See: sororaat, widow inheritance

Custom by which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband.

A convention dictating that a man should marry his brother's widow.

A system where a dead man's brother (or equivalent close male relative) succeeds to his status as husband by marrying his widow.

Kebiasaan perkawinan di mana seorang duda kawin dengan saudara perempuan istrinya yang sudah meninggal.

lexicon

Vocabulary; a dictionary containing all the morphemes in a language and their meanings.

A dictionary. In linguistic theories of grammatical competence, the mental "dictionary" in which words (and wordlike elements), their meanings, and their grammatical possibilities are assumed to be organized.

lexicostatistics

A method of dating change among related languages on the basis of statistical comparison of their vocabularies.

life history

Of an informant; provides a personal cultural portrait of existence or change in al culture.

limbic system

The evolutionarily ancient area of the brain that, in mammals, controls sexual drives, thirst, hunger, and reaction of fright, anger, and other "primary" emotions.

liminal

In symbolic analysis, a state or categroy that is between or ouside normal states or categories. This may be a state of transition between social categories (as when initates are taken off into seclusion or when on a honeymoon bride and groom go off together) or a category that is outside a normal framework (hermaphrodites, in relation to men and women.

liminality

The critically important marginal or inbetween phase of a rite of passage.

lineage

A unilineal (whether patrilineal or matrilineal) kin group that traces kinship affiliation from a common, known ancestor and extends throught a number of generations.

Unilineaire afstammingsgroep waarin de leden hun onderlinge verwantschap kunnen traceren via een aanwijsbare voorouder.

Unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent.

A consanguineal kin group with descent traced along either the female or male line from a known common ancestor.

A unilineal group of kin who trace their descent from a known common ancestor.

A unilineal descent group based on patrilineal descent (patrilineage) or matrilineal descent (matrilineage) whose members trace descent from an apical ancestor/ancestress by known genealogical links.

Unilaterale verwantengroep, waarvan de leden de onderlinge verwantschap kunnen traceren. Bij een patri-lineage wordt de verwantschap in mannelijke, bij een matri-lineage in vrouwelijke lijn gerekend.

Unilaterale verwantengroep waarvan de leden hun onderlinge verwantschap na kunnen gaan (omvat meestal niet meer dan 5 à 6 generaties).

Kelompok keturunan, yang merupakan badan resmi, yang para anggotanya mengaku sebagai keturunan seorang leluhur bersama dan dapat menelusuri hubungan genalogis dengan leluhur tersebut.

lineage mode of production

Term used in neo-Marxist anthropology for a subsistence-oriented system of production (characteristically horticulturalist or pastoralist) where domestic groups that are the primary producing units are grouped into corporate lineages or clans with substantial collecte rights and interests.

lineal

Pertaining to relatives descended in a direct line.

lineal kinship terminology

(kin terms, lineal:) A system of kinship terminology in which direct descendants or ascendants are distinguished from collateral kin.

Parental generation kin terminology with four terms: one for M, one for F, one for FB and MB, and one for MZ and FZ.

lineal relative

Verwanten in eigen afstammingslijn (kinderen, ouders, grootouders. See: collaterale verwanten

Any of ego's ancestors or descendants (e.g. parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren); on the direct line of descent that leads to and from ego.

linguistic anthropology

The descriptive, comparative, and historical study of language and of linguistic similarities and differences in time, space, and society.

The study of human language in both its biological and social contexts.

Cabang antropologi budaya yang mempelajari bahasa manusia.

linguistic divergence

Perkembangan bahasa yang berbeda-beda dari sebuah bahasa asli.

linguistic minority

A national minority population that is comprised of speakers of a language that is different from the national language.

linguistic nationalism

Usaha bangsa-bangsa untuk memperlihatkan kebebasannya dengan membersihkan bahasa mereka dari kata-kata asing.

linguistic relativity

Notion that all languages and dialects are equally effective as systems of communication.

The concept that language determines thought.

linguistic uniformitarianism

Belief that explanations for long-term change in language should be sought in ordinary forces that continue to work today; thus, the forces that have produced linguistic changes over the centuries are observable in linguistic events (variation) taking place today.

linguistics

The study of language.

Studi ilmiah modern tentang semua aspek bahasa.

linkages

Interconnections between small-scale and large-scale units and systems; political, economic, informational, and other cultural linkss between village, region, nation an world.

A production principle in technology whereby two or more manufactured forms that are physically discrete are combined in use.

literary language

A language used for literature (e.g. poetry); a written form of a language used for newspapers, documents etc.

literature

A body of knowledge conveyed verbally or in writing that expresses ideas with lasting appeal to a people.

Lithic

The earliest developmental stage in the cultural evolution of the New World, characterized by chipped-stone technology.

litigation

Legal dispute.

Little traditions

The patterns of culture distinctive of local communities or regions within a complex society Cf. Great Tradition

liturgical order

A set sequence of words and actions invented prior to the current perfomance of the ritual in which it occurs.

liturgies

Set formal sequences of words and actions; common in political events and rituals of ceremonies.

loanword

A word borrowed from another language.

local descent group

All the member of a particular descent group who live in the same place, such as the same village.

logogram

A sign representing a word.

longhouse

A large, rectangular-shaped dwelling with a wood frame covered by planks, bark, mats, or other siding and usually housing a number of related families.

longitudinal research

Long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits.

luck

An unpredictable force that shapes events.

Lungshan

A Chinese cultural tradition, derived from the Yangshao one that preceded it, beginning around 3000 B.C.