(uit Polynesische talen) Gedragsregel (veelal een verbod)
waarvoor geldt dat overtreding automatisch en op bovennatuurlijke wijze
gestraft wordt.
Set apart as sacred and off-limits to ordinary people; prohibition backed
by supernatural sanctions.
Something that is both sacred and forbidden.
Sacred; forbidden, especially by supernatural sanctions (from Polynesian
tapu).
tales
Stories told for pleasure.
Tardenoisean
culture
Kebudayaan Jaman Mesolitikum, hasil adaptasi dengan
tanah pasir dan hutan semak-semak die sebelah selatan daerah kebudayaan Azilian
dan Maglemosian.
taro
A class of tropical plants of the lily family (especially genera
Colocasia, Alocasia) with heartshaped "elephant ear" leaves, widely
cultivated for their starchy corms (tubers).
technology
The means used by species to make material culture objects called
artifacts.
Obyek buatan manusia dan alat-alat yang digunakan untuk
membuatnya.
teknonymy
Verwantschapsterm bestaande uit een naam (meestal van een
kind) plus een verwantschapsterm die de relatie van de bedoelde persoon met het
genoemde individu aanduidt (Esthers vader).
temperament
The personality dispositions of individuals in a population, which
differ considerably, apparently reflecting genetic predispositions as well as
differential experience.
term of address
Verwantschapsterm die gebruikt wordt bij het aanspreken
van een verwant ("pappa").
Kinship term used when speaking to a relative.
term of reference
Verwantschapsterm die gebruikt wordt om een verwant aan
te duiden in zijn/haar kwaliteit van verwant ("mijn vader").
Kinship term used when speaking about a relative.
terraforming
From science fiction, the use of technology to make other worlds as
much like earth (terra) as possible; applied by analogy to results of political
and economic domination on earth.
territoriality
In animals, use of and defensive reactions toward a particular area.
territory
The part of a home range exclusively occupied by members of a primate
social group and defended against encroachment.
text
Something that is creatively "read", interpreted, and
assigned meaning by each person who receives it; includes any media-borne
image, such as Carnival.
theoretical
linguistics
Suatu pendekatan dalam linguistik deskriptif dengan
membuat suatu kerangka dan sistem untuk membuat deskripsi dari apa saja yang
terjadi dalam proses pemberian nama dan penyusunan kalimat, yang berlaku untuk
semua bahasa.
theory
A system of interrelated concepts and propositions.
Sistem dari
hipotesis-hipotesis yang sudah teruji yang menjelaskan fenomena-fenomena secara
sistematis.
Third
World
The less-developed countries (LDCs); used in combination with
"Fourth World", "Third World" refers to the better-off LDCs
(e.g. Brazil, India) compared with poorer LDCs (Bangladesh, Madagascar).
tonality
Dalam musik, sistem skala dan
modifikasi-modifikasinya.
tone
language
A language in which variations in tone are used to
distinguish words of different meanings that otherwise would sound alike.
tool
A form used to make or maintain something else.
An animal or plant apical ancestor of a clan.
An animal, plant, or other object that gives a clan its
collective designation.
Lambang yang mengandung arti religius, biasanya berupa
binatang, tetapi kadang-kadang tumbuh-tumbuhan, unsur-unsur alam, atau benda,
yang oleh klen dipakai sebagai saran identifikasi.
totemism
(uit het Chippewa, Canada/Verenigde Staten) Een opvatting
die een speciale relatie tussen een dier (soms een plant) en een groep (vaak
een afstammingsgroep) veronderstelt.
Aymbolic association between a social group (e.g., a lineage or clan)
and a kind of bird, plant, or natural phenomenon. In "classic" forms,
a member of the social group has some special religious relationship (e.g.. a
food taboo) twoards members of the natural species.
Kepercayaan bahwa manusia adalah keturunan dari
binatang, tumbuh-tumbuhan, atau benda alam.
trade
The transfer of commodities by purchase, barter, or other modes of
transaction.
tradition
Dalam masyarakat yang sedang mengadakan modernisasi,
kebiasaan kultural kunuo, yang dapat merintangi kekuatan diferensiasi dan
integrasi baru.
traditional
transmission
The characteristic of language that it must be learned.
trait
An act, object, or thought identified with a specific culture.
transculturation
Culture change resulting from the influences that
societies in contact have upon each other.
transformational
See: generative linguistics
1.A school linguistic theory, pioneered by Noam Chomsky, that seeks to
describe formally in logicaomathematical terms the linguistic knowledge on
which native speakers of a language draw in speaking and understanding speech.
See also: grammar. 2.A class of linguistic rule that relates two syntactic
strings at successive stages in the derivation of a sentence.
transformational
linguistics
See: generative linguistics
transformational-generative
grammar
Approach associated with Noam Chomsky;
views language as set of abstract rules with deep and surface
structures.
Teori linguistik teoretis dari Noam Chomsky, yang
berusaha menemukan perangkat peraturan-peraturan lengkap yang dapat melahirkan
atau dapat digunakan untuk membuat segala macam kalimat yang dapat dibentuk
dalam bahasa.
transhumance
Seizoenmigratie, in het bijzonder van veehoudende volken,
van het ene deel van hun grondgebied naar het andere, in verband met
klimatologische omstandigheden en de jaarcyclus.
One of two variants of pastoralism; part of the population moves
seasonally with the herds while the other part remains in home villages.
A form of pastoral economy that involves permanent villages but the
seasonal movement of livestock to different pastures.
Seasonal movement of nomadic peoples according to the availability of
pasturage.
Di antara suku-suku bangsa pastoral, penggembalaan
biri-biri dan kambing di padang rumput di dataran rendah pada musim dingin, dan
pindah ke padang-padang yang tinggi di atas plato pada musim panas.
transition
The way in which adjacent sounds are joined together.
Dalam upacara peralihan, isolasi seseorang sesudah ia
mengalami separasi dan sebelum inkorporasi.
transitional
Gerakan kebangkitan yang berusaha menpercepat proses
akulturasi dengan maksud untuk lebih banyak ikut menikmati keuntungan yang
dianggap ada pada kebudayaan yang dominan.
transsexual
An individual of a defined biological sex who assumes the roles,
staturses, and cultural identity aharacteristic of the opposite sex (after Read
1980).
transvestite
An individual who attempts to look like a member of the opposite sex.
tree-ring
dating
A technique of absolute dating of wood remains by
making use of the growth rings of trees; dendrochronology.
tribal
Pertaining to small-scale food-producing societies without centralized
political organization; more generally, stateless technologically
"primitive" societies.
tribal
communal mode of production
Term provisionally suggested for subsistence-oriented systems of
production in tribal societies in which labor, distribution, and consumption
take place primarily within structures of kinship and community and in which
surplus labor is directed to communal ends and kinship obligation.
tribe
Groep mensen met eigen taal en specifieke cultuur.
Form of sociopolitical organization usually based on horticulture or
pastoralism. Socioeconomic stratification and centralized rule are absent in
tribes, and there is no means of enforcing political decisions.
A group of loosley integrated bands whose members share a common
mythological background or common ancestor.
An aggregate of people linked together by social ties,
common language, and the recognition of a common cultural heritage.
A small-scale society characterized by a distinctive language and
culture with a political identity but not central, hierarchical institutions.
Whether "tribes" existed except in relation to state societies has
been much debated.
Een min of meer afzonderlijke, cultureel zelfstandige
groep.
Kelompok gerombolan yang berbicara dalam bahasa yang
sama, memiliki kebudayaan yang sama, dan tinggal di daerah tertentu.
troop
Basic unit of social organization among nonhuman primates; composed of
multiple adult males and females and their offspring.
Among primates, a relatively structured and enduring social group.
tropics
Geographic belt extending about 23 degrees north and south of the
equator, between the Tropic of Cancer (north) and the Tropic of Capricorn
(south).
type
An abstraction representing a group.
typological
classification
The sorting and comparison of languages on the basis of structural criteria alone.
typology
A system of classification of cultures into types.
Een systeem van ideaaltypen die worden gebruikt om een
verschijnsel te beschrijven.
typology,
economic
Economic typology
typology,
sociopolitical
Sociopolitical typology -
Ubaid
Early Mesopotamian period (4750 - 3500 B.C.) marked by waterworks for
irrigation and flood control and the emergence of temple centers.
ultimogeniture
The right of inheritance by the youngest child.
A rare pattern of inheritance in which the appropriate family heir is
the youngest son or youngest sibling.
unaltered
fossil
Sisa-sisa tumbuh-tumbuhan dan binatang yang hdiup pada
jaman dahulu yang tidak mengalami sesuatu perubahan yang penting.
uncertainty avoidance
De mate waarin de leden van een cultuur zich bedreigd
voelen door onzekere of onbekende situaties. Een van de dimensies van nationale
culturen (van zwak tot sterk).
uncertainty avoidance index
(OVI) Een maat voor de onzekerheidsvermijding in de
cultuur van een land, ontleend aan het IBM-onderzoek.
underclass
The abjectly poor.
underdifferentiation
Planning fallacy of viewing less-developed countries as an
undifferentiated group; ignoring cultural diversity and adopting a uniform
approach (often ethnocentric) for very different types of project
beneficiaries.
unilateral descent
See: unilineal descent
Wijze van afstamming waarin hetzij relaties via mannen,
hetzij relaties via vrouwen de doorslag geven bij het toewijzen van individuen
aan groepen.
Matrilineal or patrilineal descent
Descent traced along one line, either female or male.
Descent reckoned through one line, either the maternal or
the paternal.
Patrilineal (agnatic) matrilineal (uterine) descent.
Verwantschapssysteem waarbij de afstamming via één van beide
ouders wordt gerekend.
Keturunan yang keanggotaannya ditetapkan melulu berdasarkan
garis ibu atau garis ayah saja.
See: patrilineal descent, matrilineal
descent
unilinear
evolution
The view that all cultures have evolved in the same order through a set
sequence of stages.
unilocal
Either virilocal or uxorilocal postmarital residence; requires that a
married couple reside with the relatives of either the husband (vir) or the
wife (uxor), depending on the society.
universal
Something that exists in every culture.
Of humans, characteristic of the species in all times and places,
rather than a (variable) product of particular culturally patterned experience.
universal
grammar
According to Chomsky, a genetically transmitted blueprint for language,
that is, a basic linguistic plan in the human brain.
universalism
The approach to human behavior based on an acceptance of value
categories applicable to all cultures.
Een manier van denken die overheerst in
individualistische samenlevingen, waarbij de normen voor de manier waarop
iemand moet worden behandeld, voor iedereen hetzelfde zijn.
unvoiced
In language, a sound produced without vibration of the vocal cords. (In
whispering, all sounds are unvoiced: "t" is unvoiced, "d"
is voiced.)
Upper
Paleolithic
Refers to the cultures of the final and most technologically advanced
period of the "Old Stone Age",
from 35,000 to 40,000 years ago onward, marked by specialized and highly
sophisticated pressure-flaking of flakes, blades, and other stone tools and
complex industries of bone and other materials.
uraza
See: oraza
urban
Pertaining to cities or life in cities.
urban
anthropology
The anthropological study of cities.
Studi antropologi tentang perkampungan kota,
perkampungan kumuh, dan kantong-kantong etnis, untuk memahami kemiskinan, kelas
dan variasi-variasi subkultural, masalah-masalaha minoritas, dan bagaimana
pendatang baru di kota menyesuaikan diri dengan kehidupan kota.
urbanism
The characteristic way of life of city dwellers.
urbanization
The movement of rural or small-town populations into cities; the growth
of cities.
Uruk
Mesopotamian (Near East) period of early urbanization marked by the
emergence of cities and temples (3500 - 3200 B.C.).
USAID
The United States Agency for International Development
USDA
The United States Department of Agriculture.
usufruct
The right to the use of land.
uterine
(van uterus, baarmoeder) Alternatief voor matrilinineair
(uterine kin = matrilineal kin).
See: matrilineal,
q.v.
uxorilocality
(L.Adam) Vorm van huwelijksvestiging waarbij een man zich
vestigt bij zijn vrouw.
Customary residence with the wife's relatives after marriage.
Residence of a married couple with the wife's kin (formerly called
"matrilocal").
Maatschappij waar de man bij het huwelijk zijn intrek
neemt bij de vrouw.